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Voici une traduction libre des paragraphes les plus percutants de l'article publié dans le quotidien The New York Times en fin de semaine.
Comme on le sait maintenant, la fracturation hydraulique produit des eaux usées. Un puits peut générer plus d'un million de gallons d'eaux usées qui sont souvent contaminées de sels corrosifs, des cancérigènes comme le benzène et des éléments radioactifs comme le radium, tous des contaminants qui peuvent se retrouver naturellement à des centaines de pieds de profondeur sous terre. D'autres matériaux cancérigènes peuvent se trouver dans les eaux usées à cause des produits chimiques utilisés dans la fracturation hydraulique.
Bien que l'on connaisse l'existence de tels déchets toxiques, des milliers de documents internes obtenus par le quotidien The New York Times du Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), des législateurs d'états et des compagnies de forage démontrent que les dangers à l'environnement et à la santé sont beaucoup plus importants que l'on croyait.
Les documents révèlent que les eaux usées qui sont parfois transportées vers des usines de traitement qui ne sont pas conçues pour les traiter et sont ensuite déversées dans des rivières qui sont des sources d'eau potable et que ces eaux usées sont radioactives à des niveaux plus élevés que l'on croyait, et certainement plus élevés que le niveau accepté par les législateurs fédéraux pour être manipulées par ces usines de traitement.
D'autres documents et entrevues démontrent que plusieurs scientifiques de l'EPA sont alarmés, nous avisant que les déchets de forage sont une menace pour l'eau potable en Pennsylvanie. Leurs préoccupations sont basées sur une étude de 2009 qui n'a jamais été rendue publique, rédigée par un consultant de l'EPA qui arrivait à la conclusion que certaines usines de traitement d'eaux usées étaient incapables de retirer certains contaminants dans des déchets de forage et enfreignaient probablement à certaines lois.
Le Times a aussi découvert des études jamais rapportées par l'EPA et une étude confidentielle de l'industrie de forage qui arrivaient toutes à la conclusion que la radioactivité dans les déchets de forage ne pouvaient pas être diluée complètement dans les rivières et d'autres cours d'eau.
Mais l'EPA n'est pas intervenue. En fait, les législateurs fédéraux et des états permettent à la plupart des usines de traitement d'eaux usées qui acceptent des eaux usées de forage de ne pas tester pour la radioactivité. Et la plupart des usines de filtration qui prélèvent l'eau pour les aqueducs en aval de ces usines de traitement d'eaux usées en Pennsylvanie, avec l'accord des législateurs, n'ont pas testé pour la radioactivité depuis avant 2006, même si le boom de forage est commencé depuis 2008.
En d'autres mots, il n'y a aucun moyen de garantir que l'eau potable de toutes ces usines est saine. Et cela inquiète les experts.
"Nous brûlons les meubles pour chauffer la maison." dit John H. Quigley, qui a quitté son poste le mois passé. Il était le secrétaire du Department of Conservation and Natural Resources de la Pennsylvanie. " En remplaçant le charbon par le gaz naturel, nous essayons d'avoir de l'air plus propre, mais nous produisons des quantités énormes d'eaux toxiques qui contiennent des sels et des matériaux naturellement radioactifs, et ce n'est pas clair si nous avons un plan pour traiter correctement ces déchets."
Les risques sont particulièrement criants en Pennsylvanie, qui a vu une augmentation importante de forages, avec 71,000 puits actifs. Le niveau de radioactivité dans les eaux usées sont parfois des centaines, et parfois des milliers de fois le maximum permis par les normes fédérales pour l'eau potable. Bien que les gens ne boivent pas les eaux usées des forages, les normes d'eau potable sont utilisées pour fin de comparaisons parce qu'il n'y a pas de normes considérées comme tolérables pour la radioactivité dans les eaux usées de forage.
Les foreurs ont transporté par camion au moins la moitié de ces déchets vers des usines de traitement d'eaux usées publiques en Pennsylvanie en 2008 et 2009, selon les autorités de l'état. Parfois, les camions ont transporté ces matières vers d'autres états, dont New York et la Virginie Occidentale.
Pourtant, les opérateurs d'usines de traitement d'eaux usées disent qu'ils sont bien moins capables d'enlever les contaminants radioactifs que la plupart des autres substances toxiques. En effet, la plupart de ces usines ne peuvent pas enlever assez des matériaux radioactifs pour respecter les normes fédérales d'eau potable avant de déverser les eaux traitées dans les rivières, parfois seulement à quelques milles en amont de prises d'eau pour les usines de filtration pour l'eau potable. En Pennsylvanie, ces usines de traitement déversent leurs eaux traitées dans plusieurs bassins versants importants de l'état. Les plus grandes quantités des eaux traitées ont été déversées dans la Monongahela River, qui fournit l'eau potable à plus de 800,000 personnes dans la partie ouest de l'état, dont Pittsburgh, et dans la Susquehanna River, qui se déverse dans la Baie du Chesapeake et fournit l'eau potable à plus de 6 millions de personnes, dont Harrisburg et Baltimore. Des quantités moindres ont été déversées dans la Delaware River qui fournit l'eau potable à plus de 15 millions de personnes à Philadelphie et la partie est de la Pennsylvanie.
Dans l'état de New York, les eaux usées ont été envoyées à deux usines de traitement qui déversent dans Southern Cayuga Lake, près d'Itaca, et Owasco Outlet, près d'Auburn. En Virginie Occidentale, une usine à Wheeling déverse dans la rivière Ohio.
"Les impacts de la fracturation hydraulique associées avec des problèmes de santé ainsi que la contamination à grande échelle de l'air et de l'eau ont été rapportés dans au moins une douzaine d'états" affirme Walter Hang, le président de Toxics Targeting, une compagnie d'Ithaca, dans l'état de New York, qui compile des données sur le forage gazier.
Des problèmes dans d'autres régions
Bien que la Pennsylvanie soit un cas extrême, les risques de la fracturation hydraulique s'étendent au travers le pays. Il y avait plus de 493,000 puits de gaz naturel actifs dans les États-Unis en 2009, presque le double de 1990. Environ 90% ont été fracturés pour extraire plus de gaz, selon l'industrie gazière.
Le gaz s'est infiltré dans des sources d'eau potable souterraines dans au moins 5 états, dont le Colorado, l'Ohio, la Pennsylvanie, le Texas et la Virginie Occidentale, et les résidents disent que c'est à cause du forage pour le gaz naturel.
La menace de la pollution de l'air augmente également. Au Wyoming, par exemple, la qualité de l'air ne rencontrait pas les normes pour la première fois de son histoire en 2009, à cause des émanations contenant du benzène et du toluène générés par 27,000 puits environ, dont la plupart ont été forés durant les 5 dernières années.
Dans le très peu peuplé Sublette County dans le Wyoming, qui a la plus grande densité de puits, les vapeurs ont réagi avec les rayons du soleil et ont contribué à des alertes d'ozone plus élevées que celles de Houstoin ou de Los Angeles.
Au Texas, les hôpitaux dans les 6 comtés les plus forés, 25% des enfants souffrent d'asthme, alors que le taux de l'état au complet n'est que de 7%.
Le Times a passé au travers de plus de 30,000 pages de dossiers du fédéral, des états et de compagnies sur plus de 200 puits en Pennsylvanie, 40 puits en Virginie Occidentale et 20 usines de traitement d'eaux usées publiques et privées pour avoir une vue d'ensemble des eaux usées générées par les puits et leurs dangers. La plupart de l'information vient de rapports de forage depuis les 3 dernières années, obtenus en allant à des bureaux régionaux au travers la Pennsylvanie, et de documents ou de banques de données fournis par l'état et des législateurs fédéraux à la demande de documents.
Le Times a découvert que:
- Plus de 1,3 milliards de gallons d'eaux usées ont été générées par les puits de la Pennsylvanie depuis 3 ans, beaucoup plus qu'on avait rapporté auparavant. La majorité de cette eau a été envoyée à des usines de traitement pas équipées pour enlever beaucoup des matériaux toxiques qui sont dans les déchets de forage.
-Au moins 12 usines de traitement d'eaux usées dans 3 états ont accepté des eaux usées des gazières et ont déversé des déchets seulement partiellement traités dans des rivières, des lacs et des cours d'eau.
-Parmi les plus de 179 puits qui ont généré des eaux usées hautement radioactives, au moins 116 ont rapportés des niveaux de radium ou d'autres matériaux radioactifs 100 fois plus élevés que les normes d'eau potable tolérées par le fédéral. Au moins 15 puits ont généré des eaux usées contenant plus de 1,000 fois la quantité d'éléments radioactifs considérée comme acceptable. Les résultats venaient de sondages menés sur le terrain par des législateurs de l'état ou du fédéral, des rapports annuels présentés par des compagnies de forage et des tests commandés par l'état pour des usines de traitement publiques. La plupart des tests mesuraient le radium dans les eaux usées, ou mesuraient la radiation "gross alpha" qui vient habituellement du radium, de l'uranium ou d'autres éléments. Pourtant, l'industrie dit qu'elle n'est pas inquiète.
La radioactivité dans les eaux usées n'est pas nécessairement dangereuse pour les gens qui sont tout près. Même notre peau nous protège de cette exposition. Mais selon l'EPA et des chercheurs de l'industrie disent que les plus grands dangers de la radioactivité dans les eaux usées sont les dangers de contamination de l'eau potable ou de s'insérer dans la chaîne alimentaire par les poissons ou l'agriculture. Une fois que le radium pénètre le corps d'un individu par la nourriture, l'eau ou en respirant, il peut causer des cancers ou d'autres problèmes de santé selon plusieurs études fédérales.
Peu de tests pour la radioactivité
Selon la loi fédérale, les tests pour la radioactivité dans l'eau potable sont requis seulement aux usines de filtration d'aqueduc. Mais les législateurs fédéraux et des états ont donné la permission à presque toutes les centrales qui prélèvent l'eau potable de tester seulement une fois tous les 6 à 9 ans.
Le Times a passé en revue des données de plus de 65 centrales de prélèvement d'eau potable en aval des régions les plus forés de l'état. Personne n'avait fait de tests pour la radioactivité depuis 2008, et la plupart n'avaient pas fait de tests depuis au moins 2005, bien avant la production de déchets de forage ne commence.
Et en 2009 et 2010, les usines de traitement d'eaux usées publiques directement en amont de ces centrales de prélèvements d'eau potable ont accepté des eaux usées qui contenaient des niveaux de radioactivité aussi élevés que 2,122 fois la norme acceptable pour l'eau potable. Mais la plupart des usines de traitement d'eaux usées ne sont pas obligées de faire le monitorage les éléments radioactifs dans l'eau traitée qu'elles déversent. Alors il y a pratiquement aucunes données sur ces contaminants dans l'eau qui sort de ces usines.
D'autres études fédérales, des états et académiques ont aussi trouvé des problèmes de dilution quand il s'agit des déchets de forage radioactifs.
En décembre 2009, ces risques ont poussé des scientifiques de l'EPA d'aviser New York dans une lettre que les usines de traitement d'eaux usées ne devraient pas accepter des déchets de forage avec des niveaux de radium 12 fois ou plus les normes tolérées pour l'eau potable. Le Times a trouvé des niveaux de radium dans les eaux usées qui étaient des centaines de fois cette norme. Les scientifiques ont ajouté que les usines ne devraient jamais déverser des contaminants radioactifs plus élevés que les normes de l'eau potable.
En 2009, les scientifiques de l'EPA ont étudié la question et ont aussi déterminé que certaines rivières de la Pennsylvanie étaient incapables de diluer suffisamment les eaux usées contaminées au radium que l'on déversait dedans. Questionnés à propos de ces études, les législateurs de la Pennsylvanie disaient ne pas les connaître.
Trois mois après que le Times ait commencé à poser des questions sur la radioactivité et d'autres produits toxiques qui se font déverser dans certaines rivières, les législateurs de l'état ont placé des station de monitorage pour la radioactivité près des endroits où des eaux de forage sont déversées. Les données ne seront pas disponibles avant le mois prochain, selon les autorités de l'état.
Mais le monitorage dans la Monongahela est en amont des 2 usines de traitement d'eaux usées qui selon l'état, déversent toujours de grandes quantités de déchêts de forage "traités" dans la rivière, laissant toujours ces déversements de ces usines sans surveillance et Pittsburgh exposé au danger.
Les opérateurs d'usines pas au courant
Dans des entrevues, un M. McCurdy dit que son usine de traitement accepte 20,000 gallons d'eaux de forage par jour. Son usine déverse dans la Clarion River, qui coule dans les rivières Ohio et Mississippi. Comme l'on dit plusieurs opérateurs en entrevue, M. McCurdy dit que son usine n'est pas équipée pour enlever les matériaux radioactifs et ne fait pas de tests pour les détecter. Des documents déposés par des foreurs de l'état, par exemple, indiquent qu'en 2009, son usine aurait reçu des eaux usées de puits contaminées avec du radium à des concentrations 275 fois les normes d'eau potable et avec d'autres types de radiation à plus de 780 fois la norme tolérée.
Peu de surveillance
La contamination du forage va dans l'environnement aussi par les déversements. Durant les 3 dernières années, au moins 16 puits montrent dans leurs dossiers des niveaux de radioactivité élevés dans leurs eaux usées ont aussi rapporté des déversements accidentels, des fuites ou des défaillances de leurs bassins qui contenaient des fluides de fracturation, selon les dossiers de l'état.
Les gazières sont laissées à elles-mêmes quand il s'agit des déversements. En Pennsylvanie, les législateurs ne font pas des inspections surprise pour trouver des signes de déversements. Les gazières rapportent elles-mêmes leurs déversements, écrivent leurs propres plans d'urgence et mènent leurs travaux de nettoyage. Ces plans d'urgence approuvés par l'état semblent souvent être en infraction à la loi. À un site de forage où plusieurs renversements se sont produits dans une semaine, dont une fois le liquide déversé a abouti dans un ruisseau, l'opérateur du puits avait déposé un plan d'urgence qui disait qu'il y a vait très peu de chance que des déchets aboutissent dans un cours d'eau.
C'est plus facile et moins coûteux de déverser que de traiter. D'octobre 2008 à octobre 2010, les législateurs ont 2 fois plus de chance d'émettre un avertissement que d'imposer une amende pour des infractions environnementales ou de sécurité, selon les données de l'état. Pendant cette période de temps, 15 compagnies ont reçu des amendes pour des infractions de forages en 2008 et 2009, et les compagnies ont versé en moyenne environ $44,000 par année.
Cela fait en moyenne moins que la moitié des profits de certaines compagnies pour une journée et une très petite fraction des plus de $2 millions dépensés annuellement par certaines d'elles pour transporter et traiter ces déchêts.
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"Regulation Is Lax for Water From Gas Wells
The American landscape is dotted with hundreds of thousands of new wells and drilling rigs, as the country scrambles to tap into this century’s gold rush — for natural gas. The gas has always been there, of course, trapped deep underground in countless tiny bubbles, like frozen spills of seltzer water between thin layers of shale rock. But drilling companies have only in recent years developed techniques to unlock the enormous reserves, thought to be enough to supply the country with gas for heating buildings, generating electricity and powering vehicles for up to a hundred years.
So energy companies are clamoring to drill. And they are getting rare support from their usual sparring partners. Environmentalists say using natural gas will help slow climate change because it burns more cleanly than coal and oil. Lawmakers hail the gas as a source of jobs. They also see it as a way to wean the United States from its dependency on other countries for oil.
But the relatively new drilling method — known as high-volume horizontal hydraulic fracturing, or hydrofracking — carries significant environmental risks. It involves injecting huge amounts of water, mixed with sand and chemicals, at high pressures to break up rock formations and release the gas.
With hydrofracking, a well can produce over a million gallons of wastewater that is often laced with highly corrosive salts, carcinogens like benzene and radioactive elements like radium, all of which can occur naturally thousands of feet underground. Other carcinogenic materials can be added to the wastewater by the chemicals used in the hydrofracking itself.
While the existence of the toxic wastes has been reported, thousands of internal documents obtained by The New York Times from the Environmental Protection Agency, state regulators and drillers show that the dangers to the environment and health are greater than previously understood.
The documents reveal that the wastewater, which is sometimes hauled to sewage plants not designed to treat it and then discharged into rivers that supply drinking water, contains radioactivity at levels higher than previously known, and far higher than the level that federal regulators say is safe for these treatment plants to handle.
Other documents and interviews show that many E.P.A. scientists are alarmed, warning that the drilling waste is a threat to drinking water in Pennsylvania. Their concern is based partly on a 2009 study, never made public, written by an E.P.A. consultant who concluded that some sewage treatment plants were incapable of removing certain drilling waste contaminants and were probably violating the law.
The Times also found never-reported studies by the E.P.A. and a confidential study by the drilling industry that all concluded that radioactivity in drilling waste cannot be fully diluted in rivers and other waterways.
But the E.P.A. has not intervened. In fact, federal and state regulators are allowing most sewage treatment plants that accept drilling waste not to test for radioactivity. And most drinking-water intake plants downstream from those sewage treatment plants in Pennsylvania, with the blessing of regulators, have not tested for radioactivity since before 2006, even though the drilling boom began in 2008.
In other words, there is no way of guaranteeing that the drinking water taken in by all these plants is safe.
That has experts worried.
“We’re burning the furniture to heat the house,” said John H. Quigley, who left last month as secretary of Pennsylvania’s Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. “In shifting away from coal and toward natural gas, we’re trying for cleaner air, but we’re producing massive amounts of toxic wastewater with salts and naturally occurring radioactive materials, and it’s not clear we have a plan for properly handling this waste.”
The risks are particularly severe in Pennsylvania, which has seen a sharp increase in drilling, with roughly 71,000 active gas wells, up from about 36,000 in 2000. The level of radioactivity in the wastewater has sometimes been hundreds or even thousands of times the maximum allowed by the federal standard for drinking water. While people clearly do not drink drilling wastewater, the reason to use the drinking-water standard for comparison is that there is no comprehensive federal standard for what constitutes safe levels of radioactivity in drilling wastewater.
Drillers trucked at least half of this waste to public sewage treatment plants in Pennsylvania in 2008 and 2009, according to state officials. Some of it has been sent to other states, including New York and West Virginia.
Yet sewage treatment plant operators say they are far less capable of removing radioactive contaminants than most other toxic substances. Indeed, most of these facilities cannot remove enough of the radioactive material to meet federal drinking-water standards before discharging the wastewater into rivers, sometimes just miles upstream from drinking-water intake plants. In Pennsylvania, these treatment plants discharged waste into some of the state’s major river basins. Greater amounts of the wastewater went to the Monongahela River, which provides drinking water to more than 800,000 people in the western part of the state, including Pittsburgh, and to the Susquehanna River, which feeds into Chesapeake Bay and provides drinking water to more than six million people, including some in Harrisburg and Baltimore. Lower amounts have been discharged into the Delaware River, which provides drinking water for more than 15 million people in Philadelphia and eastern Pennsylvania.
In New York, the wastewater was sent to two plants that discharge into Southern Cayuga Lake, near Ithaca, and Owasco Outlet, near Auburn. In West Virginia, a plant in Wheeling discharged gas-drilling wastewater into the Ohio River.
“Hydrofracking impacts associated with health problems as well as widespread air and water contamination have been reported in at least a dozen states,” said Walter Hang, president of Toxics Targeting, a business in Ithaca, N.Y., that compiles data on gas drilling.
Problems in Other Regions
While Pennsylvania is an extreme case, the risks posed by hydrofracking extend across the country.
There were more than 493,000 active natural-gas wells in the United States in 2009, almost double the number in 1990. Around 90 percent have used hydrofracking to get more gas flowing, according to the drilling industry.
Gas has seeped into underground drinking-water supplies in at least five states, including Colorado, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas and West Virginia, and residents blamed natural-gas drilling.
Air pollution caused by natural-gas drilling is a growing threat, too. Wyoming, for example, failed in 2009 to meet federal standards for air quality for the first time in its history partly because of the fumes containing benzene and toluene from roughly 27,000 wells, the vast majority drilled in the past five years.
In a sparsely populated Sublette County in Wyoming, which has some of the highest concentrations of wells, vapors reacting to sunlight have contributed to levels of ozone higher than those recorded in Houston and Los Angeles.
Industry officials say any dangerous waste from the wells is handled in compliance with state and federal laws, adding that drilling companies are recycling more wastewater now. They also say that hydrofracking is well regulated by the states and that it has been used safely for decades.
But hydrofracking technology has become more powerful and more widely used in recent years, producing far more wastewater. Some of the problems with this drilling, including its environmental impact and the challenge of disposing of waste, have been documented by ProPublica, The Associated Press and other news organizations.
And recent incidents underscore the dangers. In late 2008, drilling and coal-mine waste released during a drought so overwhelmed the Monongahela that local officials advised people in the Pittsburgh area to drink bottled water. E.P.A. officials described the incident in an internal memorandum as “one of the largest failures in U.S. history to supply clean drinking water to the public.”
In Texas, which now has about 93,000 natural-gas wells, up from around 58,000 a dozen years ago, a hospital system in six counties with some of the heaviest drilling said in 2010 that it found a 25 percent asthma rate for young children, more than three times the state rate of about 7 percent.
“It’s ruining us,” said Kelly Gant, whose 14-year-old daughter and 11-year-old son have experienced severe asthma attacks, dizzy spells and headaches since a compressor station and a gas well were set up about two years ago near her house in Bartonville, Tex. The industry and state regulators have said it is not clear what role the gas industry has played in causing such problems, since the area has had high air pollution for a while.
“I’m not an activist, an alarmist, a Democrat, environmentalist or anything like that,” Ms. Gant said. “I’m just a person who isn’t able to manage the health of my family because of all this drilling.”
And yet, for all its problems, natural gas offers some clear environmental advantages over coal, which is used more than any other fuel to generate electricity in the United States. Coal-fired power plants without updated equipment to capture pollutants are a major source of radioactive pollution. Coal mines annually produce millions of tons of toxic waste. But the hazards associated with natural-gas production and drilling are far less understood than those associated with other fossil fuels, and the regulations have not kept pace with the natural-gas industry’s expansion. Pennsylvania, Ground Zero
Pennsylvania, which sits atop an enormous reserve called the Marcellus Shale, has been called the Saudi Arabia of natural gas.
This rock formation, roughly the size of Greece, lies more than a mile beneath the Appalachian landscape, from Virginia to the southern half of New York. It is believed to hold enough gas to supply the country’s energy needs for heat and electricity, at current consumption rates, for more than 15 years.
Drilling companies were issued roughly 3,300 Marcellus gas-well permits in Pennsylvania last year, up from just 117 in 2007.
This has brought thousands of jobs, five-figure windfalls for residents who lease their land to the drillers and revenue for a state that has struggled with budget deficits. It has also transformed the landscape of southwestern Pennsylvania and brought heavy burdens.
Drilling derricks tower over barns, lining rural roads like feed silos. Drilling sites bustle around the clock with workers, some in yellow hazardous material suits, and 18-wheelers haul equipment, water and waste along back roads.
The rigs announce their presence with the occasional boom and quiver of underground explosions. Smelling like raw sewage mixed with gasoline, drilling-waste pits, some as large as a football field, sit close to homes.
Anywhere from 10 percent to 40 percent of the water sent down the well during hydrofracking returns to the surface, carrying drilling chemicals, very high levels of salts and, at times, naturally occurring radioactive material.
While most states require drillers to dispose of this water in underground storage wells below impermeable rock layers, Pennsylvania has few such wells. It is the only state that has allowed drillers to discharge much of their waste through sewage treatment plants into rivers.
Regulators have theorized that passing drilling waste through the plants is safe because most toxic material will settle during the treatment process into a sludge that can be trucked to a landfill, and whatever toxic material remains in the wastewater will be diluted when mixed into rivers. But some plants were taking such large amounts of waste with high salt levels in 2008 that downstream utilities started complaining that the river water was eating away at their machines.
Regulators and drilling companies have said that these cases, and others, were isolated.
“The wastewater treatment plants are effective at what they’re designed to do — remove material from wastewater,” said Jamie Legenos, a spokeswoman for the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, adding that the radioactive material and the salts were being properly handled.
Overwhelmed, Underprepared
For proof that radioactive elements in drilling waste are not a concern, industry spokesmen and regulators often point to the results of wastewater tests from a 2009 draft report conducted by New York State and a 1995 report by Pennsylvania that found that radioactivity in drilling waste was not a threat. These two reports were based on samples from roughly 13 gas wells in New York and 29 in Pennsylvania.
But a review by The Times of more than 30,000 pages of federal, state and company records relating to more than 200 gas wells in Pennsylvania, 40 in West Virginia and 20 public and private wastewater treatment plants offers a fuller picture of the wastewater such wells produce and the threat it poses.
Most of the information was drawn from drilling reports from the last three years, obtained by visiting regional offices throughout Pennsylvania, and from documents or databases provided by state and federal regulators in response to records requests.
Among The Times’s findings:
¶More than 1.3 billion gallons of wastewater was produced by Pennsylvania wells over the past three years, far more than has been previously disclosed. Most of this water — enough to cover Manhattan in three inches — was sent to treatment plants not equipped to remove many of the toxic materials in drilling waste.
¶At least 12 sewage treatment plants in three states accepted gas industry wastewater and discharged waste that was only partly treated into rivers, lakes and streams.
¶Of more than 179 wells producing wastewater with high levels of radiation, at least 116 reported levels of radium or other radioactive materials 100 times as high as the levels set by federal drinking-water standards. At least 15 wells produced wastewater carrying more than 1,000 times the amount of radioactive elements considered acceptable. Results came from field surveys conducted by state and federal regulators, year-end reports filed by drilling companies and state-ordered tests of some public treatment plants. Most of the tests measured drilling wastewater for radium or for “gross alpha” radiation, which typically comes from radium, uranium and other elements. Industry officials say they are not concerned.
“These low levels of radioactivity pose no threat to the public or worker safety and are more a public perception issue than a real health threat,” said James E. Grey, chief operating officer of Triana Energy.
In interviews, industry trade groups like the Marcellus Shale Coalition and Energy in Depth, as well as representatives from energy companies like Shell and Chesapeake Energy, said they were producing far less wastewater because they were recycling much of it rather than disposing of it after each job.
But even with recycling, the amount of wastewater produced in Pennsylvania is expected to increase because, according to industry projections, more than 50,000 new wells are likely to be drilled over the next two decades.
The radioactivity in the wastewater is not necessarily dangerous to people who are near it. It can be blocked by thin barriers, including skin, so exposure is generally harmless.
Rather, E.P.A. and industry researchers say, the bigger danger of radioactive wastewater is its potential to contaminate drinking water or enter the food chain through fish or farming. Once radium enters a person’s body, by eating, drinking or breathing, it can cause cancer and other health problems, many federal studies show.
Little Testing for Radioactivity
Under federal law, testing for radioactivity in drinking water is required only at drinking-water plants. But federal and state regulators have given nearly all drinking-water intake facilities in Pennsylvania permission to test only once every six or nine years.
The Times reviewed data from more than 65 intake plants downstream from some of the busiest drilling regions in the state. Not one has tested for radioactivity since 2008, and most have not tested since at least 2005, before most of the drilling waste was being produced.
And in 2009 and 2010, public sewage treatment plants directly upstream from some of these drinking-water intake facilities accepted wastewater that contained radioactivity levels as high as 2,122 times the drinking-water standard. But most sewage plants are not required to monitor for radioactive elements in the water they discharge. So there is virtually no data on such contaminants as water leaves these plants. Regulators and gas producers have repeatedly said that the waste is not a threat because it is so diluted in rivers or by treatment plants. But industry and federal research cast doubt on those statements.
A confidential industry study from 1990, conducted for the American Petroleum Institute, concluded that “using conservative assumptions,” radium in drilling wastewater dumped off the Louisiana coast posed “potentially significant risks” of cancer for people who eat fish from those waters regularly.
The industry study focused on drilling industry wastewater being dumped into the Gulf of Mexico, where it would be far more diluted than in rivers. It also used estimates of radium levels far below those found in Pennsylvania’s drilling waste, according to the study’s lead author, Anne F. Meinhold, an environmental risk expert now at NASA.
Other federal, state and academic studies have also found dilution problems with radioactive drilling waste.
In December 2009, these very risks led E.P.A. scientists to advise in a letter to New York that sewage treatment plants not accept drilling waste with radium levels 12 or more times as high as the drinking-water standard. The Times found wastewater containing radium levels that were hundreds of times this standard. The scientists also said that the plants should never discharge radioactive contaminants at levels higher than the drinking-water standard.
In 2009, E.P.A. scientists studied the matter and also determined that certain Pennsylvania rivers were ineffective at sufficiently diluting the radium-laced drilling wastewater being discharged into them.
Asked about the studies, Pennsylvania regulators said they were not aware of them.
“Concerned? I’m always concerned,” said Dave Allard, director of the Bureau of Radiation Protection. But he added that the threat of this waste is reduced because “the dilutions are so huge going through those treatment plants.”
Three months after The Times began asking questions about radioactive and other toxic material being discharged into specific rivers, state regulators placed monitors for radioactivity near where drilling waste is discharged. Data will not be available until next month, state officials said.
But the monitor in the Monongahela is placed upstream from the two public sewage treatment plants that the state says are still discharging large amounts of drilling waste into the river, leaving the discharges from these plants unchecked and Pittsburgh exposed.
Plant Operators in the Dark
In interviews, five treatment plant operators said they did not believe that the drilling wastewater posed risks to the public. Several also said they were not sure of the waste’s contents because the limited information drillers provide usually goes to state officials.
“We count on state regulators to make sure that that’s properly done,” said Paul McCurdy, environmental specialist at Ridgway Borough’s public sewage treatment plant, in Elk County, Pa., in the northwest part of the state.
Mr. McCurdy, whose plant discharges into the Clarion River, which flows into the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, said his plant was taking about 20,000 gallons of drilling waste per day.
Like most of the sewage treatment plant operators interviewed, Mr. McCurdy said his plant was not equipped to remove radioactive material and was not required to test for it. Documents filed by drillers with the state, though, show that in 2009 his facility was sent water from wells whose wastewater was laced with radium at 275 times the drinking-water standard and with other types of radiation at more than 780 times the standard. Part of the problem is that industry has outpaced regulators. “We simply can’t keep up,” said one inspector with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection who was not authorized to speak to reporters. “There’s just too much of the waste.”
“If we’re too hard on them,” the inspector added, “the companies might just stop reporting their mistakes.”
Recently, Pennsylvania has tried to increase its oversight, doubling the number of regulators, improving well-design requirements and sharply decreasing how much drilling waste many treatment plants can accept or release. The state is considering whether to require treatment plants to begin monitoring for radioactivity in wastewater.
Even so, as of last November, 31 inspectors were keeping tabs on more than 125,000 oil and gas wells. The new regulations also allowed at least 18 plants to continue accepting the higher amounts set by their original permits.
Furthermore, environmental researchers from the University of Pittsburgh tested wastewater late last year that had been discharged by two treatment plants. They say these tests will show, when the results are publicly released in March, that salt levels were far above the legal limit.
Lax Oversight
Drilling contamination is entering the environment in Pennsylvania through spills, too. In the past three years, at least 16 wells whose records showed high levels of radioactivity in their wastewater also reported spills, leaks or failures of pits where hydrofracking fluid or waste is stored, according to state records.
Gas producers are generally left to police themselves when it comes to spills. In Pennsylvania, regulators do not perform unannounced inspections to check for signs of spills. Gas producers report their own spills, write their own spill response plans and lead their own cleanup efforts.
A review of response plans for drilling projects at four Pennsylvania sites where there have been accidents in the past year found that these state-approved plans often appear to be in violation of the law.
At one well site where several spills occurred within a week, including one that flowed into a creek, the well’s operator filed a revised spill plan saying there was little chance that waste would ever enter a waterway.
“There are business pressures” on companies to “cut corners,” John Hanger, who stepped down as secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection in January, has said. “It’s cheaper to dump wastewater than to treat it.”
Records back up that assertion.
From October 2008 through October 2010, regulators were more than twice as likely to issue a written warning than to levy a fine for environmental and safety violations, according to state data. During this period, 15 companies were fined for drilling-related violations in 2008 and 2009, and the companies paid an average of about $44,000 each year, according to state data.
This average was less than half of what some of the companies earned in profits in a day and a tiny fraction of the more than $2 million that some of them paid annually to haul and treat the waste.
And prospects for drillers in Pennsylvania are looking brighter.
In December, the Republican governor-elect, Tom Corbett, who during his campaign took more gas industry contributions than all his competitors combined, said he would reopen state land to new drilling, reversing a decision made by his predecessor, Edward G. Rendell. The change clears the way for as many as 10,000 wells on public land, up from about 25 active wells today.
In arguing against a proposed gas-extraction tax on the industry, Mr. Corbett said regulation of the industry had been too aggressive.
“I will direct the Department of Environmental Protection to serve as a partner with Pennsylvania businesses, communities and local governments,” Mr. Corbett says on his Web site. “It should return to its core mission protecting the environment based on sound science.” "
Excerpts from article written by Ian Urbina published in The New York Times here:
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/us/27gas.html
Photo: runningwater.us
Photo: Deborah Weisberg
