Friends of the Richelieu. A river. A passion.



"Tout cedit pays est fort uny, remply de forests, vignes & noyers. Aucuns Chrestiens n'estoient encores parvenus jusques en cedit lieu, que nous, qui eusmes assez de peine à monter le riviere à la rame. " Samuel de Champlain


"All this region is very level and full of forests, vines and butternut trees. No Christian has ever visited this land and we had all the misery of the world trying to paddle the river upstream." Samuel de Champlain

Friday, February 11, 2011

Algue toxique ajouterait à la pollution d'estrogène



Pollution de l'eau: une cyanobactérie dangereuse souvent trouvée dans les lacs "allume" des gènes agissant sur l'œstrogène des poissons.

Des efflorescences algales pourraient non seulement être toxiques mais avoir des impacts œstrogéniques selon des chercheurs.

Le ruissellement des engrais agricoles peuvent alimenter les efflorescences algales toxiques qui peuvent être fatales pour les animaux de compagnie et le bétail. Et comme si cela n'était pas suffisamment inquiétant, des nouvelles recherches scientifiques proposent pour la première fois que les efflorescences pourraient aussi déranger la reproduction pour la vie aquatique en imitant l'hormone estrogène.

Jusqu'à date, la plupart des études sur Microcystis aeruginosa, la cyanobactérie la plus souvent impliquée dans les efflorescences algales (blooms), se sont concentré sur les quelques 80 toxines microcystines selon Ted Henry, un écotoxicologue de l'université de Plymouth, en Grande-Bretagne. Les toxines peuvent provoquer des saignements graves internes et endommager le foie chez les mammifères et les poissons.

Avec Emily Rogers de l'université du Tennessee à Knoxville, M. Henry et leurs collègues ont découvert les actions œstrogéniques par hasard quand ils cherchaient des gènes qui sont activés quand les poissons sont exposés au Microcystis. Ils espéraient que ces gènes pourraient servir comme marqueurs biologiques lors d'évènements de blooms dans les lacs quand les biologistes constatent des mortalités de poissons. "Nous voulions développer une courte liste de gènes qui détermineraient si le poisson avait été exposé ou non au Microcystis." explique M. Henry.

Pour trouver ces gènes, les scientifiques exposèrent un groupe d'alevins de Danio rerio a du microcystin-LR, la toxine microcystine la plus toxique, et exposa un autre groupe d'alevins à des cellules de Microcystis séchées et reconstituées, qui sont plus commodes à manipuler que des cellules vivantes dans des expériences. Ils ont mesuré ensuite l'intensité des réactions dans les gènes des poissons.

Comme on pouvait s'en attendre, le microcystin-LR augmente les réactions des gènes dans le foie pour se désintoxiquer. Mais la grande surprise était de constater que les poissons exposés aux cellules de Microcystis avaient de 19 à 100 fois plus de réactions dans le gène vitellogenin chez les poissons exposés à comparé avec les autres.

Stimulé par l'œstrogène, le vitellogenin est une protéine qui est produit par le poisson femelle mature pour ses jaunes d'œufs. Habituellement, quand les alevins produisent du vitellogenin, les scientifiques assument que c'est un signe de pollution d'œstrogène dans l'environnement. Les scientifiques attribuent habituellement cette pollution comme étant de source hormonale humaine ou animale venant des égouts ou du ruissellement agricole. M. Henry disent que l'œstrogène dans l'environnement peut nuire à la reproduction du poisson et possiblement une décroissance de la population à long terme.

M. Henry et son équipe ont conclu que la cause de la production de vitellogenin n'était pas la toxine microcystine, parce que les poissons exposés seulement à la toxine ne montraient pas de changement dans l'expression du gène. Charles Tyler, un écotoxicologue de l'université de Exeter, en Grande-Bretagne, dit que les microbes pourraient produire des chimiques imitateurs d'hormones appelés phytoestrogènes, tout comme les plantes et les champignons le peuvent. Mais M. Tyler se demande jusqu'à quel point le Microcystis provoque une réaction estrogénique chez les poissons sur le terrain, parce que l'étude employait des cellules séchées et reconstituées et non pas des vivantes.

Par contre, Allen Place, un biochimiste du Center for Environmental Science de l'université du Maryland, pense que l'étude fera réfléchir d'autres chercheurs et fera porter leur attention sur les molécules naturelles plutôt qu'uniquement la pollution humaine comme source d'œstrogène dans l'environnement.

Note personnelle: peut-être bien que cette source "naturelle" d'œstrogène dans l'environnement est produite par des algues "naturelles", mais il faut se rappeler que les blooms d'algues dans nos cours d'eau sont souvent provoqués par de la pollution qui elle est loin d'être "naturelle" !

Toxic Algae May Add To Estrogen Pollution

Water Pollution: A hazardous cyanobacterium common in lakes turns on estrogen-related genes in fish
Janet Pelley

ESTROGEN BLOOMS? Researchers think that Microcystis is not only toxic but estrogenic.

Fertilizer runoff from farms can feed blooms of toxic cyanobacteria, which are deadly to pets and livestock. As if that weren't enough to worry about, new research suggests for the first time that the blooms also could disrupt reproduction in aquatic wildlife through estrogenic effects (Environ. Sci. Technol., DOI: 10.1021/es103538b).

Until now, most studies of Microcystis aeruginosa, the most common bloom-forming cyanobacterium, have focused on the bacterium's 80 or so microcystin toxins, says Ted Henry, an ecotoxicologist at the University of Plymouth, in the U.K. The toxins can cause massive internal bleeding and liver damage in mammals and fish.

Henry, Emily Rogers of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and their colleagues stumbled on the estrogenic actions when they were looking for genes that turn on when fish encounter Microcystis. They hoped that these genes could serve as biomarkers for bloom events in lakes when biologists observe fish die offs. "We wanted to develop a short list of genes that would determine whether a fish had been exposed to Microcystis or not," Henry says.

To find the genes, the scientists treated one group of larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) with microcystin-LR, the most toxic microcystin toxin, and treated another group with dried and reconstituted Microcystis cells, which are more convenient than live cells to use in experiments. They then measured gene expression levels in the fish.

Not surprisingly, the microcystin-LR boosted the expression of genes that the liver uses to detoxify itself. But the big surprise was that fish exposed to Microcystis cells had 19 to 100 times greater expression levels of the vitellogenin gene than unexposed fish did.

Kick-started by estrogen, vitellogenin is a protein that mature female fish produce for their egg yolks. Usually, when larval fish produce vitellogenin, scientists take it as a sign of estrogen pollution in the environment. Scientists often attribute this pollution to human or animal hormones released by sewage and farm runoff. Henry says that estrogens in the environment can disrupt fish reproduction and possibly lead to population decline.

Henry and his team concluded that the cause of vitellogenin production wasn't the microcystin toxin, because fish exposed to the toxin alone showed no change in the gene's expression. Charles Tyler, an ecotoxicologist at the University of Exeter, in the U.K., says that the microbes might release estrogen-like chemicals called phytoestrogens, just as plants and fungi do. But Tyler wonders to what extent Microcystis induces an estrogenic response in fish in the wild, because the study used dried and reconstituted cells, not live ones.

Still, Allen Place, a biochemist of the University of Maryland's Center for Environmental Science, thinks that the study will make other researchers pause and consider naturally occurring molecules, rather than only manmade pollution, as the source of estrogens in the environment.

Chemical & Engineering News

Link: http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/89/i07/8907scene1.html

Maybe this newly discovered source of estrogen in our lakes is "natural" because it comes from algae, but one must remember that often, algae blooms are caused by "unnatural" pollution!

1 comment:

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